🔤 Programming Languages
Python 3.12 (widely adopted) Continues to dominate AI, data science & backend development.
JavaScript ECMAScript 2025 (latest standard) Core of web development; used in frontend & backend.
TypeScript ~5.7 (latest approx) Superset of JavaScript with strong typing for scalable apps.
Java Java SE 25 (LTS) Latest Long-Term Support release (Sept 2025).
C++ C++23 standard Modern C++ with performance & safety improvements.
Rust 1.79 (approx, evolving) Loved for safety and systems programming.
Go (Golang) 1.21 Popular for cloud APIs and microservices.
Swift 6.1 Apple’s modern language for iOS/macOS (2025 release).
Kotlin 1.9 Preferred for Android and modern JVM apps.
Mojo (preview) 25.1 (Preview) Emerging Python-based AI language.
Frameworks & Libraries
React 19.x Front-end UI library (React 19 stable).
Next.js 14+ React-based full-stack framework.
Vue.js 3.x Progressive JavaScript UI framework.
Angular 16+ Enterprise front-end framework.
Spring Boot 3.2 Java backend framework with cloud features.
FastAPI 0.100.x+ High-performance Python API framework.
Django 5.x Python full-stack web framework.
Laravel 11.x PHP web framework for scalable apps.
.NET 8.x Microsoft’s cross-platform app framework.
Quarkus 3.30.5 Kubernetes-optimized Java framework.
JHipster 8.11.0 Generates modern Java + frontend apps.
🛠 DevOps & Infrastructure Tools
Docker 24.x (current generation) Containerization platform.
Kubernetes 1.34.x Leading container orchestration system.
Terraform 1.6+ Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool
Jenkins 2.375+ Continuous integration server
GitHub Actions Platform updates CI/CD automation
Spring Framework
Spring Framework 7.0.x 7.0.2 Latest official 7.x release. Major upgrade with modern APIs and best for new apps.
Spring Framework 6.2.x 6.2.15 Mature and widely adopted production release.
Spring Boot
Spring Boot 4.0.x 4.0.1 New major line with enhancements, recommended for cutting-edge projects.
Spring Boot 3.5.x 3.5.9 Stable widely used version (supported through mid-2026).
🐍 Python (Core Language)
Python 3.13.x 3.13.1 Latest stable release with performance improvements and language refinements; recommended for new projects.
Python 3.12.x 3.12.8 Very stable and widely adopted; safe choice for production systems and enterprise environments.
📦 pip (Package Manager)
pip 26.x 26.0 Latest release with resolver and performance improvements; default choice going forward.
pip 25.x 25.3 Stable and widely deployed with Python 3.11–3.12 environments.
🧪 Virtual Environments
venv (stdlib) Python-bundled Official built-in environment manager; recommended for most projects.
virtualenv 20.x 20.25.x More feature-rich than venv; useful for complex or legacy setups.
Project & Dependency Management
Poetry 1.8.x 1.8.4 Stable and widely used for modern Python projects using pyproject.toml.
Poetry 1.7.x 1.7.1 Older but still common in existing production projects.
⚡ Fast Package Managers (Next-Gen)
uv 0.4.x 0.4.15 High-performance Rust-based package manager; recommended for CI/CD and large projects.
🧑💻 IDEs & Editors
PyCharm 2025.x 2025.2 Latest professional IDE with deep Python, Django, and data-science support.
Visual Studio Code Rolling Lightweight editor with continuously updated Python extension; most popular choice overall.
📓 Jupyter Ecosystem
JupyterLab 4.5.x 4.5.3 Latest stable notebook interface with performance and extension improvements.
JupyterLab 4.4.x 4.4.6 Stable and widely deployed in data-science environments.
🌐 Web Frameworks
Django 6.0.x 6.0.1 Latest major release with new features and long-term roadmap; recommended for new applications.
Django 5.1.x 5.1.5 Stable and widely used; common in production systems upgrading gradually.
FastAPI 0.115.x 0.115.6 Latest version with async improvements; preferred for modern high-performance APIs.
Flask 3.0.x 3.0.3 Stable micro-framework; good for small services and legacy Flask upgrades.
🧪 Testing
pytest 8.x 8.3.4 Latest major line with improved fixtures and performance.
pytest 7.x 7.4.4 Stable and still widely used in existing codebases.
🧹 Linting & Formatting
Ruff 0.9.x 0.9.6 Modern all-in-one linter/formatter; recommended replacement for flake8, isort, and parts of pylint.
Black 24.x 24.10.0 Stable opinionated formatter; industry standard.
Pylint 3.0.x 3.0.3 Major release with updated rules and Python 3.12+ support.
📊 Data Science & Analytics
Pandas 3.0.x 3.0.0 Major release with improved performance and cleaner APIs; recommended for new projects.
Pandas 2.2.x 2.2.3 Very stable and widely deployed in production systems.
Polars 0.20.x 0.20.31 High-performance DataFrame library; increasingly preferred over Pandas for large data.
DuckDB 0.10.x 0.10.3 Embedded analytical database; ideal for local analytics and OLAP workloads.
🤖 Machine Learning & AI
PyTorch 3.0.x 3.0.0 Latest major release with compiler and performance enhancements; recommended for new ML projects.
PyTorch 2.2.x 2.2.2 Stable and widely used in production ML pipelines.
🧩 Packaging & Distribution
PyInstaller 6.x 6.10.0 Latest stable version for packaging Python apps into standalone executables.
Nuitka 2.6.x 2.6.9 Python-to-C compiler for performance-focused or standalone deployments.
✅ How to Choose (Quick Rule)
• New projects → choose the highest major version line
• Enterprise / long-term support → choose the widely used stable line
• CI/CD & performance-critical → prefer uv, Ruff, FastAPI, Polars